Speaking in Belem, deep in the Amazon rainforest, Lula called the gathering “the COP of truth,” and said nations must decide whether they have the courage and determination to change course.

He framed the conference as a decisive moment for governments to bridge the gap between political speeches and the worsening effects of droughts, floods and deforestation.

The Brazilian leader said the Amazon, home to millions of people and unmatched biodiversity, embodies the tension between prosperity and preservation. He said its residents live daily with the consequences of climate change and have the right to demand stronger commitments from the rest of the world.