Migrants who are in the UK legally could have to wait up to 20 years before they can settle permanently, under government proposals.

The Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood has announced the qualifying period for indefinite leave to remain will be extended from five to 10 years, and will apply to the estimated 1.6 million who arrived since 2021.

The changes will not apply to people who had already obtained settlement.

Mahmood said becoming part of the UK is “not a right but a privilege – and one that must be earned”.

The package is the latest in a string of changes to the immigration system announced by Mahmood over the past week.

Currently, most work and family visa holders can apply for settlement after five years.

Under the proposed changes the standard wait will be 10 years – with a range of criteria that would lengthen or shorten that period.

• Legal migrants who claim benefits for less than 12 months will have to wait 15 years
• People who arrived on post-Brexit health and social care visas would have to wait 15 years, up from five year currently
• Migrants reliant on benefits face a 20-year wait for settlement, four times more than the current period and the longest in Europe

Announcing the changes in the Commons, Mahmood said: “Migration will always be a vital part of Britain’s story.

“But the scale of arrivals in recent years has been unprecedented.”

Home Office figures show net migration added 2.6 million people to UK population between 2021 and 2024.

Because of this, settlement grants are also expected to spike over the next five years, with around 1.6 million people forecast to settle between 2026 and 2030.

Settlement, also known as Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR), allows someone to live in the UK permanently, work without restrictions and access public services. It is also a key step towards British citizenship.

Ministers plan to introduce an “earned settlement” system, requiring migrants to demonstrate social integration, economic contribution and good “character” before being granted settled status.

Applicants will need to meet stricter minimum requirements including the equivalent to A-level standard English language, a clean criminal record and earning above £12,570 a year for at least three years.

There will be accelerated routes for those who make an “outsized contribution” to the UK.

Doctors and nurses working in the NHS will be able to settle after five years. The “brightest and best” international talent could have settlement fast-tracked, with high earners and entrepreneurs able to stay after just three years.

Family members will not gain automatic status when the main applicant qualifies. Children who came to the UK under the age of 18 may settle with parents, but older dependants could face separate requirements.

Existing fast-track routes for victims of domestic abuse, bereaved partners and resettled refugees will remain.